Hall attributes the title’s mantra to the Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci, but as William’s notes, it helps define Hall’s tonic effect on his readers since the 1970s. Http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A86749.0001.If you need a little of both this mid-February, Zoe Williams in the Guardian carries a lengthy interview with the great scholar Stuart Hall at 80 (read it here). Com., University of Michigan Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2012. Ordered by the Commons in Parliament, That These Petitions be Forthwith Printed and Published: H. Also, the Answer of the House of Commons to the Said Petition Delivered by Their Speaker. Together with Sir John Sidleys Speech upon the Presenting of the Said Petition.
Wherein They Disclaim That Late, Bold, and Unexampled Petition Sent to His Majestie, Contrived by a Few Malevolent, Ambitious and Loose Persons, and Their Reall Affections to King and Parliament. The Humble Petition and Protestation of the County of Kent Presented the 30th of August, 1642 to the Honorable Houses of Parliament by Sir John Sidley Knight, with Many Thousands of Hands Thereunto.
The three conceptual connections in question involve emphasising the importance of context and human diversity for articulating capabilities, stressing the role of human agency in promoting fairness and solidarity, and embracing deliberative democracy and participation for evaluative purposes. But her main contribution is to show how three conceptual links with the capability approach (along with reflexive comparative education) can bolster the notion of empowerment by helping to ensure that it continues to engage with equality and social justice. Unterhalter draws on Gramsci’s notion of hegemony to help explain this process. Since then the term has been increasingly criticised by feminists and social activists due to its co-optation by the status quo, which typically involves suppressing its transformative potential. In the twentieth century, ‘empowerment’ came to be reframed optimistically to describe Black Power and liberation theology, and later a kind of solidarity and activism associated with the women’s movement. To ‘empower’ in a pessimistic sense dates to the English civil war and was initially used to describe the illicit exercise of authority on behalf of powerful actors. In this chapter, Elaine Unterhalter considers four brief moments in the history of the concept of ‘empowerment’ and links these with the capability approach.
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